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Jumat, 18 Februari 2011

Vocabs

vocabs arround the house


Other Rooms
Attic - People store things in the attic.
Ballroom - A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room - A small room used for storage.
Cellar - Underneath the house.
Cloakroom - A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory - A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room- A room where people eat.
Drawing Room - A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room - A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall - The entrance passage to a house.
Larder - A small room used for the storage of food.
Library - A room where books are kept.
Lounge - Another name for living room.
Music Room - A room where people play music.
Office - A room where people work.
Pantry - A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour - Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room - Another name for living room.
Spare Room/Guest Room - A room where guests sleep.
Toilet - A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room - A room where appliances such
as washing machines are used.


Things you may find around the house






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Descriptive Text


Bandengan Beach

Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in jepara. the place is very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows this place.

This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached kuwasen village. You can take public transportation or by your own vehicle.

The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This place is more beautiful at dusk. We can see the beautiful sunset with our family or friends.

In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural beach breezy wind. It also has large pandan tree field. It is suitable for youngster activities such as camping.

If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we can find banana boat and jet ski for rent.

In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold by the trader such as roasted fish, crab, boiled shell. Pindang srani is one of the delicious food enjoyed by the visitors.
come to the bandengan beach and you will find a paradise on the tips of Muria peninsula.

The descriptive text type

 Based on perception in space. Impressionistic descriptions of landscapes or persons are often to be found in narratives such as novels or short stories. Example: About fifteen miles below Monterey, on the wild coast, the Torres family had their farm, a few sloping acres above the cliff that dropped to the brown reefs and to the hissing white waters of the ocean ...Purpose Description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: • describe a special place and explain why it is special • describe the most important person in your life • describe the animal's habitat in your report Descriptive writing is usually used to help a writer develop an aspect of their work, eg. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc.Features Description is a style of writing which can be useful for a variety of purposes: • to engage a reader's attention • to create characters • to set a mood or create an atmosphere • to bring writing to life.Language • aims to show rather than tell the reader what something/someone is like • relies on precisely chosen vocabulary with carefully chosen adjectives and adverbs. • is focused and concentrates only on the aspects that add something to the main purpose of the description. • sensory description - what is heard, seen, smelt, felt, tasted. Precise use of adjectives, similes, metaphors to create images/pictures in the mind e.g. their noses were met with the acrid smell of rotting flesh. • strong development of the experience that "puts the reader there" focuses on key details, powerful verbs and precise nouns.
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Asking for Information


Combined with to be

What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. He born?
Where are ………. The tickets?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Helen?

Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
etc


Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this novel
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.

Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the book
It could be … somewhere in the library
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
I think it’s … not there anymore
It looks like … someone has taken the book
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student

Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for...

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English

1. What is this? This is a table
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious.


Information about company

What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

Information about products

Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price

What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?
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Simple future


Simple future is used for describing event or action that will to do (happen) at future.

1.Future tense “will”

•To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.

Example= A: Can you help me to do this homework?
B: Of course, I will do it for you.

•To offer to do something.

Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: Don’t worry.I will lend you.

•To assert an agreement to do something.

Example= A: You must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

•To ask someone to do something.

Example=A:It’s very hot in my room.
B: Certainly.


2.Future tense “shall”

•To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?

Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3.Future tense “be going to”

•To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example=A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: Oh, I’m sorry I forgot.I’m going to send it tonight.

•To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.

Example= A: The sky is very dark.What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain.

1.Positive (+):

a.Subject + shall/will + VI
Example:I shall clean the room.
We will go to school.
She will give a present.

Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b.Subject + to be + going to + VI

Example:I am going to play tennis.
They are going to swim very fast.
He is going to write a story.
2.Negative (-)

a.Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example:I shan’t buy ashirt.
He won’t clean the room.

Note:shall not = shan’t Will not = won’t

b.Subject + to be + not + going to + VI
Example: I am not going to give a present.

3.Interrogative (?)

a.Shall/will + subject + VI ?

Example: Will we play tennis?

b.to be + subject + going to + VI ?

Example: Is she going to write a story?
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Asking if someone remembers or not


Formal expressions

  • I wonder if you remember ….
  • You remember ...., don’t you?
  • You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
  • Don’t you remember ....?
  • Do you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond
  • Let me think, yes, I remember.
  • I remember especially the scenery.
  • I’ll never forget that.
  • I’ll always remember.
  • I can remember it clearly
Informal expressions
  • Remember the old house we used to live in?
  • Remember that?
  • I’m sorry, I don’t remember.

Ways to respond
  • Hold on. Yes, got it!
  • I know ….
  • It’s coming back to me now.
Response if you forget:
  • Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
  • I’m afraid I forget.
  • I really can’t remember.
  • I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
  • Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
  • Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
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Preposition of time : On,In, and At



Prepositions of Time: at, in, on


We use:
  • at for a PRECISE TIME
  • in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
  • on for DAYS and DATES
atinon
PRECISE TIMEMONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODSDAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clockin Mayon Sunday
at 10.30amin summeron Tuesdays
at noonin the summeron 6 March
at dinnertimein 1990on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtimein the 1990son Christmas Day
at sunrisein the next centuryon Independence Day
at sunsetin the Ice Ageon my birthday
at the momentin the past/futureon New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
  • I have a meeting at 9am.
  • The shop closes at midnight.
  • Jane went home at lunchtime.
  • In England, it often snows in December.
  • Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
  • There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
  • Do you work on Mondays?
  • Her birthday is on 20 November.
  • Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
ExpressionExample
at nightThe stars shine at night.
at the weekendI don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/EasterI stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same timeWe finished the test at the same time.
at presentHe's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
inon
in the morningon Tuesday morning
in the morningson Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
  • I went to London last June. (not in last June)
  • He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
  • I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
  • We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening) 
PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES
  • at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
  • at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
  • at noon in the summer on 6 March
  • at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
  • at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
  • at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
  • at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
  • at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

•I have a meeting at 9am.
•The shop closes at midnight.
•Jane went home at lunchtime.
•In England, it often snows in December.
•Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
•There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
•Do you work on Mondays?
•Her birthday is on 20 November.
•Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression Example
  • at night The stars shine at night.
  • at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
  • at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
  • at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
  • at present He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
  • in on
  • in the morning on Tuesday morning
  • in the mornings on Saturday mornings
  • in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
  • in the evening(s) on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

•I went to London last June. (not in last June)
•He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
•I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
•We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
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Offering


Definition of Offering :

1. The act of making an offer.
2. Something, such as stock, that is offered.
3. A presentation made to a deity as an act of religious worship or sacrifice; an oblation.
4. A contribution or gift, especially one made at a religious service.

Offering to older people:
  • Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
  • Should I get you a bottle of water?
  • Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
  • Would you care for some salad ?
Offering to friends:
  • Want some?
  • Have some.
  • Chocolate?
  • Glass of lemonade?
  • Grab some for yourself.
  • Would you like to have a pancake?
  • Why don’t you have some lemonade?
  • What can I get for you?
  • What will you have?
Accepting an offer:
  • Thank you
  • Yes, please
  • I’d like it very much
  • Thank you, I would
  • That would be very nice
Declining an offer:
  • No, thanks.
  • No, I really won’t. Thank you.
  • Not for me, thanks.
  • No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

Definition of OFFERING

1
a : the act of one who offers b : something offered; especially : a sacrifice ceremonially offered as a part of worship c : a contribution to the support of a church
2
: something offered for sale or patronage <latest offerings of the leading novelists>
3
: a course of instruction or study

Examples of OFFERING

  1. Each household must make daily offerings to the gods.
  2. The company is trying to generate interest in its new offerings.
  3. the café's tasty dessert offerings

First Known Use of OFFERING

before 12th century

Britannica.com

Learn more about "offering" and related topics at Britannica.com

Browse

Next Word in the Dictionary: offertory
Previous Word in the Dictionary: offer (noun)
All Words Near: offering

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Finite Verbs


Definition:
A form of a verb that shows agreement with a subject and is marked for tense. Contrast with nonfinite verbverbal). (or
If there is just one verb in a sentence, it is finite. Finite verbs are sometimes called tensed verbs.

Etymology:

From the Latin, "end"

  • "The base, third person singular, and past tense are finite forms of verbs because they can be contrasted for tense (present and past), and marked for person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and numbersingular and plural). (
    I drive a car. [1st person, singular, present tense]
    he drives a car. [3rd person, singular. present tense]
    I/he drove a car. [1st and 3rd person, singular, past tense]
    These three forms of the verb paradigm do not require additional helping verbs to express their meanings."
    (Bernard T. O'Dwyer, Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview Press, 2000)
  • "Finite verbs can be recognized by their form and their position in the sentence. Here are some of the things to look for when you are trying to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:
    1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past: cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated. A hundred or so finite verbs do not have these endings [see Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs].
    2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates. The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog races can refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person singular dog.
    3. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.
    4. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.
    5. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? they celebrate? Did
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Modals in Past Form

 hmmm.......

Formula of modals is:

Modals + verb 1 + O/C. Can be used in every tenses.

a.       Could is the past tense of can
The modal auxiliary could is used
*       -   To express an ability in the past:
   I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
*        - To express past or future permission:
   Could i bury my cat in your back yard?
*        - To express present possibility:
    We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking
 - To express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances :
   If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

*    When could is used in the past, it means was able to.
   Example:
   I was able to find a parking space.


*     Would is the past tense of will
  The modal auxiliary would is used to express a reapeated action in the past
*    
           When would is used in the past, it means “used to”, for example:
        When i was younger, I would run two hours every day.
       This means that i used to run two hours every day and now i don`t. to express more polite
       (request)
        Would you (please) feed the dog?
- When would is used in the present, it show more polite.
*    For unreal condition
   Mary would go to the Caribbean, but she doesn`t have enough money.(present)
   Mary would have gone to the Carribbean, but she didn`t have money.(past tense)
*    
*        Might is the past tense of may.Is used  to express of granting or seeking permission.
        Might, I leave class early?
*          -  To express future possibility.
        She might be my advisor next semester.
*          -  To express past possibility.
       Desty came late this morning, she might have missed the bus.
*      
*      d. Should is the past tense of shall. Most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as ecpectation.
*      Example:
*      When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Postdam. (recommendation)
*      You should focus more on your family and less on work. (advice)
       i really should be in the office by 7:00 am. (obligation) 
 By now, they should already be in Dubai. (expectation)   
*        
      Conversation :

Modals and Modality

Modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in Germanic languages including English that indicate modality. Modality is the grammaticalized expression of the subjective attitudes and opinions of the speaker including possibility, probability, necessity, obligation, permissibility, ability, desire, and contingency.

The Modal Verbs in English

The nine modals verbs in English are:

Position of Modal Verbs

Modal verbs always appear in the first position at the beginning of the verb phrase in English. Unlike other verbs, modal verbs do not show tense or number. The eight possible verb phrase combinations that contain modal verbs in English are:
  • modal verb + base form = will eat
  • modal verb + be + present participle = will be eating
  • modal verb + have + past participle = will have eaten
  • modal verb + be + past participle = will be eaten
  • modal verb + have + been + present participle = will have been eating
  • modal verb + have + been + past participle = will have been eaten
  • modal + be + being + past participle = will be being eaten
  • modal verb + have + been + being + past participle = will have been being eaten

Double Modals

Although most varieties of English only allow for the use of one modal verb per verb phrase, some English dialects such as Southern American English allow for multiple modals. For example, the double modal might could as in He might could build a new machine shed expresses both possibility and ability. However, prescriptive grammars proscribe against the use of double modals.

Some Definitions of English Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are difficult to define in any language because of the wide range of pragmatic uses of modal verbs by native speakers. Some of the more common definitions (in no particular order) of the modal verbs in English are:
  • can – ability, permission, possibility, request
  • could – ability, permission, possibility, request, suggestion
  • may – permission, probability, request
  • might – possibility, probability, suggestion
  • must – deduction, necessity, obligation, prohibition
  • shall – decision, future, offer, question, suggestion
  • should – advice, necessity, prediction, recommendation
  • will – decision, future, intention, offer, prediction, promise, suggestion
  • would – conditional, habit, invitation, permission, preference, request, question, suggestion

Examples of Modal Verb Usage

The following sentences are examples of usage of modal verbs in English. For example, the following four sentences all ask for permission but with different degrees and types of modality:
  • Can I go to the bathroom? (asking for permission)
  • May I go to the bathroom? (more politely asking for permission)
  • Could I go to the bathroom? (asking for permission with less certainty)
  • Might I go to the bathroom? (asking for permission with uncertainty)
The following sentences also demonstrate the subtle meanings in regards to modal verbs of suggestion:
  • You could listen to me. (suggestion)
  • You might listen to me. (uncertain suggestion)
  • You should listen to me. (strong suggestion)
  • You must listen to me. (stronger suggestion)
  • You will listen to me. (strongest suggestion)
The meanings of modal verbs are very pragmatic and must be learned through use.

Modal Verbs Practice Exercise

Identify the modal verb and modality (definition) in the following sentences.
Sentences
  1. You could ride your bike across the country, but I advise against it.
  2. Since all dogs are mammals, this golden retriever must be a mammal.
  3. You might consider finishing your degree.
  4. I will finish my essay tonight even if I have to forgo sleep.
  5. The puppy can sit on command.
  6. I would eat cereal every day as a child.
  7. You may encounter some difficult patrons on occasion.
  8. The train should arrive in a few minutes.
  9. The situation would not be so bad if we all remained calm.
  10. I will have earned my graduate degree next spring.
Possible Answers
  1. could – possibility
  2. must – deduction
  3. might – suggestion
  4. will – intention
  5. can – ability
  6. would – habit
  7. may – probability
  8. should – prediction
  9. would – conditional
  10. will – future
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Noun Phrase

 

Noun Phrases

Do you know what guys, noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.
Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.

The function of Noun phrase :

• Subject

Example :
The children play on the forest.

• Object

Example :
My mother buys a basket of vegetables.

• Complement

Example :
Solo is a summer location.

The basic structure of Noun phrase :

Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.

Example : The naughty boy.

The Noun examples
       Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
       Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
        Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
       Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
       Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship
       The Functions of Nouns in Sentences
                       1.Subject of the sentence
               2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
                       3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
                       4. Direct object of a verb
                       5. Indirect object of a verb
                       6. Object of the preposition
                       7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)

Gerunds can also be classified as noun
For example:
       I like swimming
       The word ‘swimming’  is a gerund
      
PHRASES
       A  phrase is a group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentence.
       A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, and other nouns in the possessive case.
       Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following ...
       Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
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Direct and Indirect Speech

 

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
Simple present - menjadi - Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Present
Indirect Speech
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a) Command :
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once
b) Precept :
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c) Request :
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d) Entreaty :
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e) Prohibition :
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say
atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,
pray dsb.
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son
Read more »


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